用于引出定語從句,且在句中用作狀語。
關系副詞when表示時間,where表示地點,why表示原因。
例如:Sunday is the day when very few people go to work.
That is the reason why he dislikes me.
Do you know a shop where I can find sandals?
關系副詞用法:
1.關系副詞兼有副詞與連接詞兩種作用,在不及物動詞的連接中要求用關系副詞。
2.關系副詞所引導的形容詞子句用于修飾主要子句中的某一名詞或代名詞,被修飾的詞稱作先行詞,關系副詞要放在先行詞之后。
例如:關系副詞when在定語從句中用作狀語,表示時間,用以修飾表示時間的先行詞。
3.關系副詞主要有三個,即when,where,why。此外that也可代替關系代詞引導代詞子句。
4.關系副詞=preposition(介詞)+relative pronoun(關系代詞)
例如:where=in which,when=on which,why=for which
這些關系副詞在從句中做狀語。
Would you please tell me the way how I can get to the zoo?
你能告訴我去動物園的路嗎?(the way是先行詞。)
This is the place where(that) I first met her.
這是我第一次見到她的地方。
在口語中that可以充當關系副詞,代替when,why,how,只有先行詞是the place時,才可代替where。
A:When should we start to work?
B:The sooner (we start),the better (it will be).
我們應該什么時候開始工作? 越早越好。
the作關系副詞是引導副詞子句,句子結構一般為:The+比較級...+the+比較級...,第一個the是關系副詞。
5.time,day,year,place,house,reason,way等作先行詞時可以被省略,其后的子句不再是形容詞子句,而變成名詞子句或副詞子句。
中文:這是他出生的地方。
This is where he was born.
where he was born是名詞子句。
This is the place where he was born.
where he was born是形容詞子句。
中文:我將在第一次見到她的地方見她。
I'll meet her at the place where I first met her.
where I first met her是形容詞子句。
I'll meet her where I first met her.
where I first met her是副詞子句。
6.關系副詞有限定用法,指的是關系副詞引導的形容詞子句只修飾先行詞。
We were very happy in those days when we studied in school.
我們在學校里上學的那些日子里很快樂。
7.關系副詞有補述用法,即關系副詞引導的是對等子句而不是形容詞子句,主要用于對主要子句中的不足之處加以補充,前面都要加逗點與主要子句分開。
Tom got married the day before yesterday,when it was his birthday too.
湯姆前天結婚了,那天也是他的生日。
8.wherever,whenever,however是復合關系副詞,表示"不論",引導一個修飾主要子句里的動詞的副詞子句,可加強語氣或表示讓步。
Wherever he goes,he would bring an umbrella with him.
不論他去那里,他都帶著一把雨傘。
定語從句中關系詞省略的6種情形:
關系詞有時可以省略,但這只限于限制性定語從句中,在非限制性定語從句中,關系詞則不可省略。
一、關系代詞作賓語時的省略
當關系代詞who, whom, which和that在定語從句中用作動詞賓語或介詞位于句末時的介詞賓語時,可以省略。如:
Is there anything (which) you wanted? 想要什么東西嗎?
Who is the man (that / who / whom) you were talking to? 剛才和你講話的人是誰?
二、關系代詞作表語時的省略
當關系代詞that在定語從句中用作表語時,可以省略。如:
China is not the country (that) it was. 中國已不是過去的中國了。(that作表語)
三、關系代詞作賓補時的省略
當關系代詞that在定語從句中用作賓語補足時,可以省略。如:
I’m not the madman (that) you thought me. 我并不是你所認為的那個瘋子。(that作賓語補語)
四、關系副詞when的省略
用作時間狀語的關系副詞when通常不能省略,但有一種特殊情況,即用于day, year, time等少數幾個詞后時可以省略(也可換成that)。如:
That was the year (that) I first went abroad. 就是那一年我第一次出國了。
I’ll never forget the day (that) we met. 我永遠也忘不了我們見面的那一天。
五、關系副詞where的省略
用作地點狀語的關系副詞where通常不能省略,但有一種特殊情況,即用于place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少數幾個詞后時可以省略(也可換成that)。如:
This is the place (where) they met yesterday. 這就是他們昨天碰頭的地方。
Have you somewhere (that) I can lie down for an hour? 你有沒有一個什么地方可以讓我躺一個小時?
六、關系副詞why的省略
關系副詞why通常只用于the reason后引導定語從句,且通?蓳Q成that或for which,均可省略。如:
That’s the reason (why, for which, that) he came. 這就是他來的原因。
Give me one reason (why) we should help you. 給我舉出一個我們應當幫助你的理由。
相關初中英語知識點:副詞的比較級,副詞的最高級
副詞的比較級和最高級:
當兩種物體之間相互比較時,我們要用形容詞或副詞的比較級;
當相互比較的物體是三個或三個以上時,我們就要用形容詞或副詞的最高級。
副詞比較級和最高級的變化規則和形容詞相似。
副詞比較級的變化規則:
一、規則變化
1.一般在詞尾直接加er或est。hard?harder?hardest;long-longer-longest
2.以不發音的字母e結尾的單詞在詞尾直接加r或st。nice-nicer-nicest
3.以輔音字母+y結尾的詞,把y變為i,再加er或est。early?earlier?earliest
4.重讀閉音節,末尾只有一個輔音字母,雙寫這個輔音字母,再加er或est,例如,big-bigger-biggest
5.部分雙音節詞和多音節詞分別在原級前加more構成比較級和most構成最高級,carefully?more carefully?most carefully
二、不規則副詞的比較級和最高級
原級 | 比較級 | 最高級 |
well | better | best |
badly | worse | worst |
much | more | most |
little | less | lest |
far | farther(指距離) | farthest(指距離) |
further(指距離和抽象概念) | furthest(指距離和抽象概念) |
以ly結尾的副詞,比較級有兩種情況:
一種單詞里本身就以結尾early;
另一種是由形容詞+變為的副詞 slowly,happily ,easily,他們改為比較級時 是不一樣的。
例如:第一種情況,直接進行詞尾變化early-earlier;
而第二種情況, 就要在副詞原級前面+more,構成比較級。
因此,easily 的比較級應該是:more easily 。
副詞等級的用法:
一、原級的用法
1.只能修飾原級的詞,very,quite,so,too。例如:
He is too tired to walk on.他太累了以至于不能再繼續走了。
My brother runs so fast that I can‘t follow him.我弟弟跑得那么快以至于我跟不上他。
2.原級常用的句型結構
(1)“甲+實意動詞+(倍數)+as+副詞原級+as+乙”表示“甲和乙程度相同”或“甲是乙的幾倍”。例如:
Tom runs as fast as Mike.湯姆和邁克跑得一樣快。
Tom runs twice as fast as Mike.湯姆跑得速度是邁克的二倍。
(2)“甲+助動詞+not+動詞原形+as/so+副詞原級+as+乙”甲不如乙…例如:
He doesn’t walk as slowly as you.他走路不像你那樣慢。
二、比較級的用法
1.可以修飾比較級的詞,much,a lot,far,…的多; a little,a bit,…一點兒; even甚至;;still仍然。例如:
Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two.第一課比第二課容易得多。
Tom looks even younger than before.湯姆甚至比以前更年輕。
This train runs much faster than that one.這輛火車比那輛跑地快。
She drives still more carefully than her husband.她開車仍然比她丈夫還認真。
2.比較級常用的句型結構
(1)“甲+實意動詞+(倍數)+副詞比較級+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…幾倍”。例如:
I got up earlier than my mother this morning.我今天早晨起床比我媽媽還早。
He runs three times faster than his brother.他跑的速度比他弟弟快三倍。
(2)“甲+實意動詞+副詞比較級+than+anyother+單數名詞(+介詞短語)”表示“甲比同一范圍的任何一個人/物都……”,含義是“甲最……”。例如:
Mike gets to school earlier than any other student in his class.
= Mike gets to school earlier than any of the other students in his class.邁克比他們班上任何一個其他的同學到校都早。
= Mike gets to school earlier than the other students in his class.邁克比他們班上其他的同學到校都早。
= Mike gets to school earliest in his class.邁克在他們班到校最早。
注意:Mike gets to school earlier than any student in Tom’s class.邁克比湯姆班上任何一個學生到校都早。(邁克和湯姆不是同一個班)
(4)“比較級+and+比較級”表示“越來越……”。例如:
He is getting taller and taller.他變得越來越高了。
The flowers are more and more beautiful.花兒越來越漂亮。
He does his homework more and more carefully.他做作業越來越認真了。
(5)“the+比較級,the+比較級”表示“越……,越……”。例如:
The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes you’ll make.你越認真,犯的錯誤越少。
(6)“特殊疑問詞+實意動詞+副詞比較級,甲or乙?”例如:
Who draws better,Jenny or Danny?誰畫得比較好,詹妮還是丹尼?
三、最高級的用法
最高級常用句型結構
(1)“主語+實意動詞+(the)+副詞最高級+單數名詞+in/of短語”表示“……是……中最……的”。例如:
I jump (the) farthest in my class.我是我們班跳得最遠的。
(2) “特殊疑問詞+be+the+副詞最高級+甲,乙,or丙?”用于三者以上的比較。例如:
Which season do you like (the) best,spring,summer or autumn?你最喜歡哪一個季節,春天,夏天還是秋天?
(3)“特殊疑問詞+be+the+最高級+甲,乙,or丙?”用于三者以上的比較。例如:
Which country is the largest,China,Brazil or Canada?哪一個國家最大,中國,巴西還是加拿大?
相關初中英語知識點:疑問副詞
疑問副詞:
用來引導特殊疑問句,表示時間,地點,方式,原因等。
常見的有:when,where,how,why等。
疑問副詞的用法:
1.疑問副詞是問何時、何地、如何、因何的副詞,主要有when, where, how, why。
2.疑問副詞用在句首。
How long have you been staying in America?
你在美國待多久了?
3.疑問副詞在句中引導名詞子句。
I want to know where she has gone.
我想知道她去哪里了。
4.疑問副詞后接不定詞構成的名詞片語,在句中可以作主詞、受詞或主詞補語。
How to solve the problem gives him a bad headache.
如何解決這個問題使他傷透腦筋。
(How to solve the problem作主詞。)
I don't know how to answer the question.
我不知道如何回答這個問題。
(how to answer the question作受詞。)
The patient is in urgent need the medicine, but the problem is where to get it.
這個病人急需這種藥,但問題是哪里能找到。
(where to get it作主詞補語。)
5.疑問副詞引導的名詞子句可作主詞、受詞或主詞補語。
When we are to start the competition hasn't fixed yet.
我們什么時候開始比賽還沒有定下來。
(When we are to start the competition作主詞。)
She asked her husband where he had been.
她問她丈夫去哪里了。
(where he had been 作受詞。)
The question is when we can finish our work.
問題是我們何時能完成我們的工作。
(when we can finish our work作主詞補語。)
疑問代詞與疑問副詞的區別:
1. 疑問代詞做對陳述句的主語,賓語或定語提問,即做句子的主語,賓語或定語,如what, who/ whom, whose.
eg. Who is talking ? What can you see?
Whose shirt is this?
2.疑問副詞對時間,地點,方式等狀語提問,如when, where, how 等.
eg. When is your birthday? Where are you going?
How do you know?
常見的疑問代詞:what who which whom(只做賓語)
疑問副詞:how where when
還有whether是疑問連接詞。
相關初中英語知識點:頻度副詞
頻度副詞:
是表示動作發生頻率的詞。
常見的有:
ever, never, rarely, seldom, once, often, occasionally, constantly, frequently, usually,continually, always 等。
例如:He often came to see us.
She always was late.
常見頻度副詞在表示程度上有別,按頻率大小排列如下:
always(100%)>usually(80%)>often(60%)>sometimes(40%)>seldom(20%)>hardly (10%)>never(0%)
常見程度副詞用法列舉:
◆always 頻率最高,表示動作重復、狀態繼續,表示“一直、總是”,其反義詞為never。always等與not連用時,表示部分否定。如:
The rich are not always happy. 有錢的人并不總是快樂的。
如果要變為否定句,應將always改為never才能全部否定。如:
Li Ping is always late for school. 李平上學總是遲到。
Li Ping is never late for school. 李平上學從不遲到。(全部否定)
Li Ping is not always late for school. 李平上學不總是遲到。(部分否定)
頻度副詞通常和一般現在時連用,表示動作發生的頻率。但always與進行時連用時,并不強調動作正在進行,而是表示贊嘆、厭煩等情緒。如:
He is always thinking of others. 他總是想著別人。(贊嘆)
She is always asking silly questions. 她總是問些愚蠢的問題。(厭煩)
The boy is always asking for money. 這個小男孩總是要錢。(厭煩)
◆usually意為“通!,表示習慣性動作或狀態,很少有例外。如:
We usually go to school at seven in the morning. 我們通常在早上七點上學。
My mother and I usually go shopping on Sundays. 我和媽媽通常在星期天去買東西。
◆Often意為“經常,時!,表示反復性的動作或狀態,中間有間斷,不如usually那么頻繁。其反義詞是seldom。often在句尾時常被very或quite修飾。如:
It often rains here in April. 這兒四月份常下雨。
he boys often eat noodles and the girls sometimes eat them. 男生經常吃面條,女生有時吃。
I often chat with my friends under the big tree. 我經常在這棵大樹下和朋友聊天。
He writes to his friends quite often. 他常給他的朋友寫信。
◆sometimes意為“有時”,頻率不及often,表示動作偶爾發生,間斷時間較長。其位置比較靈活,放在句首、句中、句末都可。如:
Sometimes we go to the cinema and at other times we go for a walk.
有時我們去看電影,有時我們去散步。
I sometimes watch TV in the evening. 我有時晚上看電視。
My father has lunch in the factory sometimes. 我父親有時在工廠吃午飯。
◆seldom意為“很少”;never意為“從不”。這兩個副詞表示否定意義,動作幾乎不會發生。如:
He seldom eats breakfast. 他很少吃早餐。
The little girl seldom goes out. 這個小女孩很少外出。
I will never forget your kindness. 我永遠忘不了你的好意。
The boys never eat chocolate and the girls seldom eat it. 男生從不吃巧克力,女生很少吃。
Btter late than never. [諺語] 遲到(遲做)總比不來(不做)好。
◆hardly具有否定意義,表示“幾乎不、簡直不”,除非特殊情況,否則不會發生。如:
The boy is so young that he could hardly understand it. 這個孩子太小了,不可能懂得這件事。
◆對上述頻度副詞提問時,用how often。如:
I write to my brother sometimes.
→How often do you write to your brother?
頻度副詞在句中不同位置的用法比較:
一、頻度副詞在否定句中的用法
在否定句中,有的頻度副詞位于否定詞之前或之后均可,而有的頻度副詞則必須位于否定詞之后,而還有的頻度副詞卻必須要位于否定詞。
大致情況如下:
1. 頻度副詞usually和often可位于否定詞not之前或之后。
他們不常開這樣的晚會。
正:They don’t often hold such parties.
正:They often don’t hold such parties.
星期日我們一般不在9點以前起床。
正:We don’t usually get up before nine on Sundays.
正:We usually don’t get up before nine on Sundays.
在否定句中,頻度副詞用于句中或句首,有時但會導致意思不同。
He doesn’t usually sleep for two days at a time. 他很少一連睡兩天。
Usually he doesn’t sleep for two days at a time. 他連續兩天不睡覺是常事。
2. 頻度副詞always總是位于否定詞之后,不可位于否定句之前。
Things are not always what they seem to be. 外表往往是靠不住的。
Silence must not always be read as consent. 沉默并不見得一定意味著同意。
3. 頻度副詞sometimes總是位于否定詞之前,不可位于否定詞之后。
Jim is sometimes not very punctual. 吉姆有時不太準時。
Debbie is sometimes not responsible for what she does. 黛比有時對她所做的事不負責任。
二、頻度副詞位于句末的用法
1.sometimes?捎糜诰淠。 如:
We all get into trouble sometimes. 我們有時都會遇到麻煩。
You can’t work all the time,it does you good to go out and enjoy yourself sometimes.
你不能總是工作,有時出去放松一下會對你有好處。
2. often有時可置于句末,但通常會帶有very, quite, fairly, more, so等修飾語。如:
We’ve been there quite often. 經常去那里。
When I was young, I used to play tennis very often. 我年輕時經常打網球。
Diana used to travel a lot. These days she doesn’t go away so often.
娜過去經常旅游。最近她不常出門了。
We're not exactly on intimate terms, but we see each other fairly often.
雖算不上關系密切,但還常見面。
注:有時也可不帶修飾語,但主要見于否定句或疑問句。 如:
He writes to me often. 他經常給我寫信。
Do you come here often? 你常來這兒嗎?
I don’t come here often. 我不常來這兒。
3. usually有時也用于句末,其前不用修飾語。
I’m not late, usually. 我通常不遲到。
I get paid on Fridays usually. 我通常在星期五領工資。
4.seldom 一般不用于句末,除非其前帶有only,very等修飾。
We go out very seldom. 我們絕少外出。
I play basketball very seldom indeed. 我很少打籃球。
5. always一般不用于句末,偶爾用于句末,此時它不表法“總是”,而表示“永遠”。
I’ll love you always. 我將永遠愛你。
另外,有時用于句末是因為句子有所省略的緣故。
Generally they walked together on Sunday, but not always.
他們一般在星期日一起散步,但并不總是如此。
句中的but not always=but they didn’t always walk together on Sunday。
三、頻度副詞位于句首的用法
1. sometimes?捎糜诰涫。
Sometimes she comes late. 有時她來得晚。
Sometimes she didn’t agree with me. 有時她和我意見不一致。
Sometimes we get a lot of rain in August. 有時在8月份雨水很大。
2. often用于句首時,通常表示強調,且其前一般有quite, very修飾。
Very often he comes in late. 他常常遲到。
Quite often the phone rings when I’m in the bath. 電話經常在我洗澡時響。
3.usually有時也用于句首,其前不用修飾語。
Usually I get up early. 我平時起得早。
Sometimes he comes by bus, but usually he comes by taxi.
有時他坐公共汽車來,不過他通常還是打的來。
Usually cooking pots have two small handles but pans have one long handle.
通常地深底煮鍋有兩只把手而平底鍋只有一個長長的把手。
4.always一般不用于句首,除非是用在祈使句中。
Always remember this. 請時刻記住這一點。
Always look in the mirror before starting to drive. 一定要先看看反光鏡再開車。
另外,never也可用于祈使句的句首。
Never tell him the news. 千萬不要告訴他這消息。
Never ask her about her marriage. 決不要問她結婚的事。
5.在正式文體中,表示否定意義的副詞seldom, never可位于句首,但此時其后要用倒裝語序。
Seldom has there been such a happy meeting. 過去很少有過這樣愉快的會議。
Never did he think the book would be finished so soon. 他可沒想到這本書會這么快看完
另外,once a year (每年一次), twice a week (每周兩次), three times a day (一天三次), every Saturday afternoon(每星期六下午)等,
這些時間狀語也表示頻率,它們可以和頻度副詞用在同一個句子中,表達上沒有重復。如:
We usually go to the cinema four times a month. 我們通常一個月看四次電影。
頻度副詞的用法:
頻度副詞是副詞的一種,在初中階段常用的有四個,即always, usually,often,sometimes。它們的用法如下:
一、頻度副詞在句中的位置。
1.頻度副詞在句中習慣上位于be動詞、助動詞之后,行為動詞之前。如:
She is often late for school.她上學經常遲到。
He usually goes to bed at about 12.他通常(午夜)十二點鐘睡覺。
When do you usually get up in the morning?早上你通常什么時候起床?
2.sometimes是個特殊的頻度副詞,既可以放在be動詞、助動詞之后,行為動詞之前,也可以放在句首,還可以放在句尾。如:
I sometimes think that it is a great mistake.我有時想這是一個大錯。
Sometimes I help my mother in the house.有時候我幫助媽媽做家務。
3.often可以放在句中,也可放在句尾,習慣上不放在句首。如:
We have been there quite often.我們經常到那兒去。
She writes to me often. 她經常給我寫信。
4.如果有兩個助動詞,頻度副詞通常放在第一個助動詞后面。如:
We have never been invited to one of their parties. 他們聚會,一次也沒邀請過我們。
She must sometimes have wanted to run away. 她有時候一定想到過要逃走。
5.這些頻度副詞的位置與句中謂語動詞有無助動詞有關。句中沒有助動詞時,副詞置于動詞be之后,其它動詞之前。
頻度副詞位于助動詞之前兩種情況:
①為了表示強調,頻度副詞有時也可位于動詞be、助動詞、情態動詞之前,此時助動詞等應重讀。如:
She always was late. 她老是遲到。
I never can remember. 我永遠也記不住。
②在簡略答語中,當頻度副詞與動詞be、助動詞或情態動詞位于句末時,頻度副詞必須前置。
?“Philip is late again.”
?“Yes, he always is.”
?“菲利普又遲到了。”
?“是的,他總是遲到!
? “Can you park your car near the shops?”
?“Yes. I usually can.”
? “你可以在商店附近停車嗎?”
?“是的,通?梢!
6.頻度副詞后的動詞可以是動詞的任何形式,具體什么形式和頻度副詞本身沒有關系。
如:
I have never been to the moon.
He sometimes goes to school by bike.
二、表示頻度方面的區別:
1.always是頻度最大的詞,意為"總是;永遠"。如:
I shall always remember my first day at school.我將永遠記住我上學的第一天。
2.usually意為"通常",即很少例外,頻度僅次于always。如:
What do you usually have for breakfast?你通常早餐吃什么?
3.often意為"經常",在頻度上不如usually那么頻繁。如:
Li Ping often does his homework in the afternoon.李平經常在下午做作業。
4.sometimes意為"有時候",頻度比often小,表示動作偶爾發生,間斷較大。如:
1.I sometimes go to the library.我有時去圖書館。
2.Sometimes I read a book in the evening.我有時在晚上看書。
三、頻度副詞與not連用時,表示部分否定;對頻度副詞進行提問時,要用how often。如:
1.A great scholar is not always a very wise man.大學者未必一定是極聰明的人。
2.We go to the cinema sometimes.(對劃線部分提問)
How often do you go to the cinema?
本文來自:逍遙右腦記憶 /chuzhong/260192.html
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